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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
.. dialect:: oracle
|
:name: Oracle
|
:full_support: 11.2, 18c
|
:normal_support: 11+
|
:best_effort: 9+
|
|
|
Auto Increment Behavior
|
-----------------------
|
|
SQLAlchemy Table objects which include integer primary keys are usually
|
assumed to have "autoincrementing" behavior, meaning they can generate their
|
own primary key values upon INSERT. For use within Oracle, two options are
|
available, which are the use of IDENTITY columns (Oracle 12 and above only)
|
or the association of a SEQUENCE with the column.
|
|
Specifying GENERATED AS IDENTITY (Oracle 12 and above)
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Starting from version 12 Oracle can make use of identity columns using
|
the :class:`_sql.Identity` to specify the autoincrementing behavior::
|
|
t = Table('mytable', metadata,
|
Column('id', Integer, Identity(start=3), primary_key=True),
|
Column(...), ...
|
)
|
|
The CREATE TABLE for the above :class:`_schema.Table` object would be:
|
|
.. sourcecode:: sql
|
|
CREATE TABLE mytable (
|
id INTEGER GENERATED BY DEFAULT AS IDENTITY (START WITH 3),
|
...,
|
PRIMARY KEY (id)
|
)
|
|
The :class:`_schema.Identity` object support many options to control the
|
"autoincrementing" behavior of the column, like the starting value, the
|
incrementing value, etc.
|
In addition to the standard options, Oracle supports setting
|
:paramref:`_schema.Identity.always` to ``None`` to use the default
|
generated mode, rendering GENERATED AS IDENTITY in the DDL. It also supports
|
setting :paramref:`_schema.Identity.on_null` to ``True`` to specify ON NULL
|
in conjunction with a 'BY DEFAULT' identity column.
|
|
Using a SEQUENCE (all Oracle versions)
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Older version of Oracle had no "autoincrement"
|
feature, SQLAlchemy relies upon sequences to produce these values. With the
|
older Oracle versions, *a sequence must always be explicitly specified to
|
enable autoincrement*. This is divergent with the majority of documentation
|
examples which assume the usage of an autoincrement-capable database. To
|
specify sequences, use the sqlalchemy.schema.Sequence object which is passed
|
to a Column construct::
|
|
t = Table('mytable', metadata,
|
Column('id', Integer, Sequence('id_seq', start=1), primary_key=True),
|
Column(...), ...
|
)
|
|
This step is also required when using table reflection, i.e. autoload_with=engine::
|
|
t = Table('mytable', metadata,
|
Column('id', Integer, Sequence('id_seq', start=1), primary_key=True),
|
autoload_with=engine
|
)
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 1.4 Added :class:`_schema.Identity` construct
|
in a :class:`_schema.Column` to specify the option of an autoincrementing
|
column.
|
|
.. _oracle_isolation_level:
|
|
Transaction Isolation Level / Autocommit
|
----------------------------------------
|
|
The Oracle database supports "READ COMMITTED" and "SERIALIZABLE" modes of
|
isolation. The AUTOCOMMIT isolation level is also supported by the cx_Oracle
|
dialect.
|
|
To set using per-connection execution options::
|
|
connection = engine.connect()
|
connection = connection.execution_options(
|
isolation_level="AUTOCOMMIT"
|
)
|
|
For ``READ COMMITTED`` and ``SERIALIZABLE``, the Oracle dialect sets the
|
level at the session level using ``ALTER SESSION``, which is reverted back
|
to its default setting when the connection is returned to the connection
|
pool.
|
|
Valid values for ``isolation_level`` include:
|
|
* ``READ COMMITTED``
|
* ``AUTOCOMMIT``
|
* ``SERIALIZABLE``
|
|
.. note:: The implementation for the
|
:meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level` method as implemented by the
|
Oracle dialect necessarily forces the start of a transaction using the
|
Oracle LOCAL_TRANSACTION_ID function; otherwise no level is normally
|
readable.
|
|
Additionally, the :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level` method will
|
raise an exception if the ``v$transaction`` view is not available due to
|
permissions or other reasons, which is a common occurrence in Oracle
|
installations.
|
|
The cx_Oracle dialect attempts to call the
|
:meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level` method when the dialect makes
|
its first connection to the database in order to acquire the
|
"default"isolation level. This default level is necessary so that the level
|
can be reset on a connection after it has been temporarily modified using
|
:meth:`_engine.Connection.execution_options` method. In the common event
|
that the :meth:`_engine.Connection.get_isolation_level` method raises an
|
exception due to ``v$transaction`` not being readable as well as any other
|
database-related failure, the level is assumed to be "READ COMMITTED". No
|
warning is emitted for this initial first-connect condition as it is
|
expected to be a common restriction on Oracle databases.
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.3.16 added support for AUTOCOMMIT to the cx_oracle dialect
|
as well as the notion of a default isolation level
|
|
.. versionadded:: 1.3.21 Added support for SERIALIZABLE as well as live
|
reading of the isolation level.
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 1.3.22 In the event that the default isolation
|
level cannot be read due to permissions on the v$transaction view as
|
is common in Oracle installations, the default isolation level is hardcoded
|
to "READ COMMITTED" which was the behavior prior to 1.3.21.
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
:ref:`dbapi_autocommit`
|
|
Identifier Casing
|
-----------------
|
|
In Oracle, the data dictionary represents all case insensitive identifier
|
names using UPPERCASE text. SQLAlchemy on the other hand considers an
|
all-lower case identifier name to be case insensitive. The Oracle dialect
|
converts all case insensitive identifiers to and from those two formats during
|
schema level communication, such as reflection of tables and indexes. Using
|
an UPPERCASE name on the SQLAlchemy side indicates a case sensitive
|
identifier, and SQLAlchemy will quote the name - this will cause mismatches
|
against data dictionary data received from Oracle, so unless identifier names
|
have been truly created as case sensitive (i.e. using quoted names), all
|
lowercase names should be used on the SQLAlchemy side.
|
|
.. _oracle_max_identifier_lengths:
|
|
Max Identifier Lengths
|
----------------------
|
|
Oracle has changed the default max identifier length as of Oracle Server
|
version 12.2. Prior to this version, the length was 30, and for 12.2 and
|
greater it is now 128. This change impacts SQLAlchemy in the area of
|
generated SQL label names as well as the generation of constraint names,
|
particularly in the case where the constraint naming convention feature
|
described at :ref:`constraint_naming_conventions` is being used.
|
|
To assist with this change and others, Oracle includes the concept of a
|
"compatibility" version, which is a version number that is independent of the
|
actual server version in order to assist with migration of Oracle databases,
|
and may be configured within the Oracle server itself. This compatibility
|
version is retrieved using the query ``SELECT value FROM v$parameter WHERE
|
name = 'compatible';``. The SQLAlchemy Oracle dialect, when tasked with
|
determining the default max identifier length, will attempt to use this query
|
upon first connect in order to determine the effective compatibility version of
|
the server, which determines what the maximum allowed identifier length is for
|
the server. If the table is not available, the server version information is
|
used instead.
|
|
As of SQLAlchemy 1.4, the default max identifier length for the Oracle dialect
|
is 128 characters. Upon first connect, the compatibility version is detected
|
and if it is less than Oracle version 12.2, the max identifier length is
|
changed to be 30 characters. In all cases, setting the
|
:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.max_identifier_length` parameter will bypass this
|
change and the value given will be used as is::
|
|
engine = create_engine(
|
"oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@oracle122",
|
max_identifier_length=30)
|
|
The maximum identifier length comes into play both when generating anonymized
|
SQL labels in SELECT statements, but more crucially when generating constraint
|
names from a naming convention. It is this area that has created the need for
|
SQLAlchemy to change this default conservatively. For example, the following
|
naming convention produces two very different constraint names based on the
|
identifier length::
|
|
from sqlalchemy import Column
|
from sqlalchemy import Index
|
from sqlalchemy import Integer
|
from sqlalchemy import MetaData
|
from sqlalchemy import Table
|
from sqlalchemy.dialects import oracle
|
from sqlalchemy.schema import CreateIndex
|
|
m = MetaData(naming_convention={"ix": "ix_%(column_0N_name)s"})
|
|
t = Table(
|
"t",
|
m,
|
Column("some_column_name_1", Integer),
|
Column("some_column_name_2", Integer),
|
Column("some_column_name_3", Integer),
|
)
|
|
ix = Index(
|
None,
|
t.c.some_column_name_1,
|
t.c.some_column_name_2,
|
t.c.some_column_name_3,
|
)
|
|
oracle_dialect = oracle.dialect(max_identifier_length=30)
|
print(CreateIndex(ix).compile(dialect=oracle_dialect))
|
|
With an identifier length of 30, the above CREATE INDEX looks like::
|
|
CREATE INDEX ix_some_column_name_1s_70cd ON t
|
(some_column_name_1, some_column_name_2, some_column_name_3)
|
|
However with length=128, it becomes::
|
|
CREATE INDEX ix_some_column_name_1some_column_name_2some_column_name_3 ON t
|
(some_column_name_1, some_column_name_2, some_column_name_3)
|
|
Applications which have run versions of SQLAlchemy prior to 1.4 on an Oracle
|
server version 12.2 or greater are therefore subject to the scenario of a
|
database migration that wishes to "DROP CONSTRAINT" on a name that was
|
previously generated with the shorter length. This migration will fail when
|
the identifier length is changed without the name of the index or constraint
|
first being adjusted. Such applications are strongly advised to make use of
|
:paramref:`_sa.create_engine.max_identifier_length`
|
in order to maintain control
|
of the generation of truncated names, and to fully review and test all database
|
migrations in a staging environment when changing this value to ensure that the
|
impact of this change has been mitigated.
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 1.4 the default max_identifier_length for Oracle is 128
|
characters, which is adjusted down to 30 upon first connect if an older
|
version of Oracle server (compatibility version < 12.2) is detected.
|
|
|
LIMIT/OFFSET/FETCH Support
|
--------------------------
|
|
Methods like :meth:`_sql.Select.limit` and :meth:`_sql.Select.offset` make
|
use of ``FETCH FIRST N ROW / OFFSET N ROWS`` syntax assuming
|
Oracle 12c or above, and assuming the SELECT statement is not embedded within
|
a compound statement like UNION. This syntax is also available directly by using
|
the :meth:`_sql.Select.fetch` method.
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 2.0 the Oracle dialect now uses
|
``FETCH FIRST N ROW / OFFSET N ROWS`` for all
|
:meth:`_sql.Select.limit` and :meth:`_sql.Select.offset` usage including
|
within the ORM and legacy :class:`_orm.Query`. To force the legacy
|
behavior using window functions, specify the ``enable_offset_fetch=False``
|
dialect parameter to :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
|
|
The use of ``FETCH FIRST / OFFSET`` may be disabled on any Oracle version
|
by passing ``enable_offset_fetch=False`` to :func:`_sa.create_engine`, which
|
will force the use of "legacy" mode that makes use of window functions.
|
This mode is also selected automatically when using a version of Oracle
|
prior to 12c.
|
|
When using legacy mode, or when a :class:`.Select` statement
|
with limit/offset is embedded in a compound statement, an emulated approach for
|
LIMIT / OFFSET based on window functions is used, which involves creation of a
|
subquery using ``ROW_NUMBER`` that is prone to performance issues as well as
|
SQL construction issues for complex statements. However, this approach is
|
supported by all Oracle versions. See notes below.
|
|
Notes on LIMIT / OFFSET emulation (when fetch() method cannot be used)
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
If using :meth:`_sql.Select.limit` and :meth:`_sql.Select.offset`, or with the
|
ORM the :meth:`_orm.Query.limit` and :meth:`_orm.Query.offset` methods on an
|
Oracle version prior to 12c, the following notes apply:
|
|
* SQLAlchemy currently makes use of ROWNUM to achieve
|
LIMIT/OFFSET; the exact methodology is taken from
|
https://blogs.oracle.com/oraclemagazine/on-rownum-and-limiting-results .
|
|
* the "FIRST_ROWS()" optimization keyword is not used by default. To enable
|
the usage of this optimization directive, specify ``optimize_limits=True``
|
to :func:`_sa.create_engine`.
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 1.4
|
The Oracle dialect renders limit/offset integer values using a "post
|
compile" scheme which renders the integer directly before passing the
|
statement to the cursor for execution. The ``use_binds_for_limits`` flag
|
no longer has an effect.
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
:ref:`change_4808`.
|
|
.. _oracle_returning:
|
|
RETURNING Support
|
-----------------
|
|
The Oracle database supports RETURNING fully for INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE
|
statements that are invoked with a single collection of bound parameters
|
(that is, a ``cursor.execute()`` style statement; SQLAlchemy does not generally
|
support RETURNING with :term:`executemany` statements). Multiple rows may be
|
returned as well.
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 2.0 the Oracle backend has full support for RETURNING
|
on parity with other backends.
|
|
|
|
ON UPDATE CASCADE
|
-----------------
|
|
Oracle doesn't have native ON UPDATE CASCADE functionality. A trigger based
|
solution is available at
|
https://asktom.oracle.com/tkyte/update_cascade/index.html .
|
|
When using the SQLAlchemy ORM, the ORM has limited ability to manually issue
|
cascading updates - specify ForeignKey objects using the
|
"deferrable=True, initially='deferred'" keyword arguments,
|
and specify "passive_updates=False" on each relationship().
|
|
Oracle 8 Compatibility
|
----------------------
|
|
.. warning:: The status of Oracle 8 compatibility is not known for SQLAlchemy
|
2.0.
|
|
When Oracle 8 is detected, the dialect internally configures itself to the
|
following behaviors:
|
|
* the use_ansi flag is set to False. This has the effect of converting all
|
JOIN phrases into the WHERE clause, and in the case of LEFT OUTER JOIN
|
makes use of Oracle's (+) operator.
|
|
* the NVARCHAR2 and NCLOB datatypes are no longer generated as DDL when
|
the :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.Unicode` is used - VARCHAR2 and CLOB are issued
|
instead. This because these types don't seem to work correctly on Oracle 8
|
even though they are available. The :class:`~sqlalchemy.types.NVARCHAR` and
|
:class:`~sqlalchemy.dialects.oracle.NCLOB` types will always generate
|
NVARCHAR2 and NCLOB.
|
|
|
Synonym/DBLINK Reflection
|
-------------------------
|
|
When using reflection with Table objects, the dialect can optionally search
|
for tables indicated by synonyms, either in local or remote schemas or
|
accessed over DBLINK, by passing the flag ``oracle_resolve_synonyms=True`` as
|
a keyword argument to the :class:`_schema.Table` construct::
|
|
some_table = Table('some_table', autoload_with=some_engine,
|
oracle_resolve_synonyms=True)
|
|
When this flag is set, the given name (such as ``some_table`` above) will
|
be searched not just in the ``ALL_TABLES`` view, but also within the
|
``ALL_SYNONYMS`` view to see if this name is actually a synonym to another
|
name. If the synonym is located and refers to a DBLINK, the oracle dialect
|
knows how to locate the table's information using DBLINK syntax(e.g.
|
``@dblink``).
|
|
``oracle_resolve_synonyms`` is accepted wherever reflection arguments are
|
accepted, including methods such as :meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect` and
|
:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_columns`.
|
|
If synonyms are not in use, this flag should be left disabled.
|
|
.. _oracle_constraint_reflection:
|
|
Constraint Reflection
|
---------------------
|
|
The Oracle dialect can return information about foreign key, unique, and
|
CHECK constraints, as well as indexes on tables.
|
|
Raw information regarding these constraints can be acquired using
|
:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_foreign_keys`,
|
:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_unique_constraints`,
|
:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_check_constraints`, and
|
:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_indexes`.
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 1.2 The Oracle dialect can now reflect UNIQUE and
|
CHECK constraints.
|
|
When using reflection at the :class:`_schema.Table` level, the
|
:class:`_schema.Table`
|
will also include these constraints.
|
|
Note the following caveats:
|
|
* When using the :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_check_constraints` method,
|
Oracle
|
builds a special "IS NOT NULL" constraint for columns that specify
|
"NOT NULL". This constraint is **not** returned by default; to include
|
the "IS NOT NULL" constraints, pass the flag ``include_all=True``::
|
|
from sqlalchemy import create_engine, inspect
|
|
engine = create_engine("oracle+cx_oracle://s:t@dsn")
|
inspector = inspect(engine)
|
all_check_constraints = inspector.get_check_constraints(
|
"some_table", include_all=True)
|
|
* in most cases, when reflecting a :class:`_schema.Table`,
|
a UNIQUE constraint will
|
**not** be available as a :class:`.UniqueConstraint` object, as Oracle
|
mirrors unique constraints with a UNIQUE index in most cases (the exception
|
seems to be when two or more unique constraints represent the same columns);
|
the :class:`_schema.Table` will instead represent these using
|
:class:`.Index`
|
with the ``unique=True`` flag set.
|
|
* Oracle creates an implicit index for the primary key of a table; this index
|
is **excluded** from all index results.
|
|
* the list of columns reflected for an index will not include column names
|
that start with SYS_NC.
|
|
Table names with SYSTEM/SYSAUX tablespaces
|
-------------------------------------------
|
|
The :meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_table_names` and
|
:meth:`_reflection.Inspector.get_temp_table_names`
|
methods each return a list of table names for the current engine. These methods
|
are also part of the reflection which occurs within an operation such as
|
:meth:`_schema.MetaData.reflect`. By default,
|
these operations exclude the ``SYSTEM``
|
and ``SYSAUX`` tablespaces from the operation. In order to change this, the
|
default list of tablespaces excluded can be changed at the engine level using
|
the ``exclude_tablespaces`` parameter::
|
|
# exclude SYSAUX and SOME_TABLESPACE, but not SYSTEM
|
e = create_engine(
|
"oracle+cx_oracle://scott:tiger@xe",
|
exclude_tablespaces=["SYSAUX", "SOME_TABLESPACE"])
|
|
DateTime Compatibility
|
----------------------
|
|
Oracle has no datatype known as ``DATETIME``, it instead has only ``DATE``,
|
which can actually store a date and time value. For this reason, the Oracle
|
dialect provides a type :class:`_oracle.DATE` which is a subclass of
|
:class:`.DateTime`. This type has no special behavior, and is only
|
present as a "marker" for this type; additionally, when a database column
|
is reflected and the type is reported as ``DATE``, the time-supporting
|
:class:`_oracle.DATE` type is used.
|
|
.. _oracle_table_options:
|
|
Oracle Table Options
|
-------------------------
|
|
The CREATE TABLE phrase supports the following options with Oracle
|
in conjunction with the :class:`_schema.Table` construct:
|
|
|
* ``ON COMMIT``::
|
|
Table(
|
"some_table", metadata, ...,
|
prefixes=['GLOBAL TEMPORARY'], oracle_on_commit='PRESERVE ROWS')
|
|
* ``COMPRESS``::
|
|
Table('mytable', metadata, Column('data', String(32)),
|
oracle_compress=True)
|
|
Table('mytable', metadata, Column('data', String(32)),
|
oracle_compress=6)
|
|
The ``oracle_compress`` parameter accepts either an integer compression
|
level, or ``True`` to use the default compression level.
|
|
.. _oracle_index_options:
|
|
Oracle Specific Index Options
|
-----------------------------
|
|
Bitmap Indexes
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
You can specify the ``oracle_bitmap`` parameter to create a bitmap index
|
instead of a B-tree index::
|
|
Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, oracle_bitmap=True)
|
|
Bitmap indexes cannot be unique and cannot be compressed. SQLAlchemy will not
|
check for such limitations, only the database will.
|
|
Index compression
|
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
|
|
Oracle has a more efficient storage mode for indexes containing lots of
|
repeated values. Use the ``oracle_compress`` parameter to turn on key
|
compression::
|
|
Index('my_index', my_table.c.data, oracle_compress=True)
|
|
Index('my_index', my_table.c.data1, my_table.c.data2, unique=True,
|
oracle_compress=1)
|
|
The ``oracle_compress`` parameter accepts either an integer specifying the
|
number of prefix columns to compress, or ``True`` to use the default (all
|
columns for non-unique indexes, all but the last column for unique indexes).
|
|
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